The purpose of the workshop is to advance understanding of how early caregiving environments shape infant development, with a particular emphasis on mechanisms of risk and resilience for later mental health outcomes. The workshop will place early development within the framework of neuropsychological plasticity and sensitive periods, focusing on how biological and experiential factors interact during this crucial window. Within this context, the workshop will explore recent advances in the neural, psychological, and biological processes supporting early social, emotional, and cognitive development. Particular attention will be given to how variations in early social experience, including parental mental health and early adversity, become embedded in developing systems, drawing on evidence from human and animal models. A central aim is to integrate basic and clinical science in order to better understand pathways from early experience to later psychopathology, while also identifying opportunities for prevention and early intervention. The workshop will therefore explicitly bridge neuroscience, psychology, psychiatry, and developmental biology, and consider how mechanistic insights can inform clinical practice and support for parents and infants. Importantly, the workshop will strive to adopt a relational and non-pathologising perspective, recognising the broader social and environmental contexts in which caregiving occurs. Contributions from clinicians and, where possible, individuals with lived experience will be incorporated to ensure that scientific discussions are also grounded in real-world contexts and needs. The workshop is designed to be interdisciplinary and integrative, bringing together researchers and clinicians across fields and career stages.